The Logic and Metaphysics Workshop will meet on February 28th from 4:15-6:15 (NY time) in-person at the Graduate Center (Room 5382) for a talk by Michael Burton (Yale).

Title: Paraconsistency with some detachment

Abstract: In this talk, a proof-of-concept logic is presented that is like first-order LP (the “logic of paradox”) except things behave classically within the scope of universal quantifiers. This logic’s material conditional does not, in general, detach, but much can be deduced with it. Structures for this logic are classical first-order structures equipped with a congruence relation, giving this logic a connection to Priest’s collapsing lemma for LP. Some possible improvements to this logic are then discussed. One of these involves separating classicality from universal quantification, having classicality be mediated instead by operators that interact with variable assignments. Finally, the relevance of logics of this kind to various logical paradoxes is discussed.

The Logic and Metaphysics Workshop will meet on March 7th from 4:15-6:15 (NY time) in-person at the Graduate Center (Room 5382) for a talk by David Papineau (King’s).

Title: Understanding Causal Inference

Abstract: The current pandemic has focused attention on the techniques used by epidemiologists and other non-experimental scientists to infer causal hypotheses from correlational data. These techniques, which hinge on assumptions about the way causal connections manifest themselves in conditional and unconditional correlations, pose an obvious philosophical challenge. What is it about causation that allows them to work? None of the mainstream accounts of causation—counterfactual, process, dispositional, regularity—casts any light on this question. Probabilistic and interventionist theories of causation do offer a direct response to the challenge, by positing a constitutive connection between causes and correlations, but I shall argue that these theories do not dig deep enough. Instead I shall develop an older idea—which goes back to H.A. Simon in the 1950s—that relates causal relationships to systems of structural equations with probabilistically independent exogenous variables. The attraction of this structural equations approach is that it allows us to view the correlational patterns as fallible evidence for causal relationships, rather than constitutive of them. I shall consider whether this approach can lead to a full reduction of causation and how it might accommodate quantum mechanical unpredictability.